Diabetes & Thyroid: The Endocrine Connection

Is there a connection between diabetes and thyroid disease?

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How does thyroid hormone affect glucose levels in the body?

• Research shows that thyroid hormones oppose the action of insulin in the body and promotes glycogenolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis (the formation of glucose in the liver).
• Studies have concluded that hyperthyroidism can result in increased blood sugar levels in the body as it reduces the half-life of insulin (the point where only half of the actual insulin stays in the blood) and promotes the release of inactive precursors of insulin.
• It was further found that untreated Graves' disease (a form of hyperthyroidism) results in the increase of proinsulin, which indicates the state of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels).
• It has been reported that undiagnosed hyperthyroidism can result in a low C-peptide to proinsulin ratio, which suggests a defect in the production of insulin in the body.
• Hypothyroidism increases insulin resistance in the body, thus increasing the risk of diabetes.

What are the signs of thyroid disease?

• Weight loss despite having a normal appetite
• Increased body metabolism
• Heat intolerance
• Increased heart and pulse rate
• Increased sweating
• Weakness in the muscles
• Shortness of breath while doing any strenuous work
• Disturbed menstrual cycle
• Diarrhoea
• Inability to concentrate

• Sudden weight gain
• Reduced body metabolism
• Cold intolerance
• Slow pulse rate
• Low blood pressure
• Fatigue
• Constipation

How can a person with diabetes deal with thyroid disease? 

• The blood sugar levels must be under control. They must be checked every day using a glucometer at home.
• Thyroid medications must be consumed as directed by the doctor, as missing doses or taking the medication at different times would prevent it from working.
• Thyroid medications must be taken on an empty stomach as consumption of food along with the medicine can reduce its absorption in the body. Fibrous foods such as bran cereals, whole grains, fruits and beans must be consumed hours after consuming the thyroid medication.
• Consumption of calcium, iron or iodine supplements along with thyroid medication should only be done after consulting a doctor as it can reduce or block the absorption of thyroid medicine.
• Moderate forms of exercise such as jogging, swimming or riding a bicycle must be practices, as it would help in utilising the sugar in the blood and would also help in shedding the extra weight gained due to thyroid disease.

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